The Process of European Integration

1. From medieval universalism to the Europe of Westphalia: sovereignty and competence among European states. The rise of modern European economies.
2. Europe of the Empires: the Directory of European Powers. Centralization at state level and the development of economic globalization.
3. World War I and the European crisis of conscience: the breaking up of the Great Empires and the emergence of extra-European powers.
4. Europe in the interwar period: pro-European projects and new economic orientations.
5. The Second World War and the Postwar. Europe in a bipolar world. The Marshall Plan.
6. Birth of the first communities. The Schumann declaration and the ECSC. Other failed projects.
7. The Treaty of Rome: European Economic Community and Euratom.
8. The development of the treaties: institutional integration and problems and first territorial expansions.
9. The Single European Act, The Maastricht Treaty and the European Union. Weaknesses in the architecture of the Economic and Monetary Union.
10. Later developments: The Treaties of Amsterdam and Nice and the new expansions.
11. Europe before a new panorama: the disappearance of the USSR and globalization. The integration of Eastern countries and Europe's new geopolitics.
12. New spheres of action. Great pending challenges